Ulcerative Colitis

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. Symptoms may develop gradually and can become severe if left untreated, potentially causing life-threatening complications.

Types of Ulcerative Colitis
UC is classified based on the location of inflammation:

• Ulcerative proctitis – Limited to the rectum
• Proctosigmoiditis – Involves the rectum and sigmoid colon
• Left-sided colitis – Extends from the rectum through the descending colon
• Pancolitis – Affects the entire colon and rectum

Causes & Risk Factors
The exact cause of UC is unknown, but contributing factors include:

• Family history of ulcerative colitis
• Race (Caucasians have higher risk; Ashkenazi Jewish descent is particularly susceptible)
• Immune system malfunction, leading to inflammation
  Diet and stress can worsen symptoms but are not the primary cause.

Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on inflammation severity and location, and may include:

• Abdominal pain or cramps
• Rectal pain or bleeding
• Diarrhea, sometimes with blood or pus
• Urgency to defecate or inability despite urgency
• Weight loss
• Fever or fatigue
• Constipation

Diagnosis
There is no single test for Ulcerative Colitis disease. Diagnosis usually involves ruling out other conditions and using several tests. Patients that suspect Ulcerative Colitis are referred to gastroenterologists who may perform tests such as blood and stool studies, endoscopy and scans.

Treatment
While there is no cure, treatment can control symptoms and promote healing:

• Medication – Suppresses inflammation and allows the GI tract to heal
• Nutrition – Adjusting diet can reduce flare-ups

Surgery
Surgery is reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment or develop precancer or cancerous changes in the colon or rectum, secondary to Ulcerative Colitis. Options include:

• J-Pouch Surgery (IPAA) – Removes the colon and rectum but creates a pouch from the small intestine to restore normal waste elimination (no permanent ostomy necessary)
• Proctocolectomy – Complete removal of the colon, rectum and anus with a permanent ostomy.

We work hand in hand with your gastroenterology physicians to treat our patients. Sometimes, surgery is needed to treat certain complications. That is when you are referred to us. CSA has the most experienced surgeons in the Midwest for Crohn’s Disease surgical treatment.